System having interfaces, switch, and memory bridge for CC-NUMA operation

ABSTRACT

A node comprises at least an interconnect, one or more coherent agents coupled to the interconnect, and a memory bridge coupled to the interconnect. The memory bridge is configured to maintain coherency on the interconnect on behalf of other nodes. In one embodiment, the interconnect does not permit retry of a transaction initiated thereon, and the memory bridge is configured to provide a response during a response phase of the transaction based on a state of a coherency block accessed by the transaction in the other nodes. In another embodiment, the node further comprises a plurality of interface circuits and a switch. Each of the plurality of interface circuits is configured to couple to an interface to receive coherency commands from other nodes. The switch is configured to selectively couple the plurality of interface circuits to the memory bridge to transmit the coherency commands to the memory bridge.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. PatentApplication having an application Ser. No. 10/270,028; filed Oct. 11,2002; which application claims benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/380,740; filed May 15, 2002; and in whichboth applications are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention is related to coherent memory systems, including coherentdistributed memory systems such as cache-coherent nonuniform memoryaccess (CC-NUMA) memory systems.

2. Description of the Related Art

Memory systems (including main memory and any caches in the system) areoften designed to be coherent. That is, even though multiple copies ofdata from a given memory location may exist in the memory system, a readof that memory location returns the most recent data written to thatmemory location. Typically, a coherent system may include one or morecoherent agents and a memory controller coupled via an interconnect ofsome kind.

One mechanism for scaling coherent systems to larger numbers of coherentagents is using a distributed memory system. In such a system, memory isdistributed among various nodes (which may also include coherentagents), and the nodes are interconnected. A coherent agent in one nodemay access memory in another node. One class of techniques formaintaining coherency in a distributed memory system is referred to ascache-coherent, nonuniform memory access (CC-NUMA). In a CC-NUMA system,access to memory may have a varying latency (e.g. memory in the samenode as an agent may be accessed more rapidly than memory in anothernode, and accesses to different nodes may have varying latencies aswell), but coherency is maintained. A mechanism for implementing CC-NUMAcoherency in nodes formed from the coherent systems mentioned above isdesired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to apparatus and methods of operationthat are further described in the following Brief Description of theDrawings, the Detailed Description of the Embodiments of the Invention,and the Claims. Other features and advantages of the present inventionwill become apparent from the following detailed description of theembodiments of the invention made with reference to the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description makes reference to the accompanyingdrawings, which are now briefly described.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a node.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of several nodes coupledinto a system.

FIG. 3 is a table illustrating an exemplary set of coherency commandsand a table illustrating an exemplary set of transactions according toone embodiment of the node shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an address space supported by oneembodiment of the nodes shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 5 is a decision tree illustrating operation of one embodiment of anode for a read transaction on the interconnect within the node.

FIG. 6 is a decision tree illustrating operation of one embodiment of anode for a write transaction on the interconnect within the node.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating operation of one embodiment of thememory bridge for remote coherency commands received by the memorybridge.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a memory bridge shown inFIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of one embodiment of two nodes, illustratingownership transfer for a transaction.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a remote line directoryand related circuitry.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a remote line directoryentry.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating certain operations of one embodimentof the RLD control circuit shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary cache states in oneembodiment of a node.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating certain operations of one embodimentof the L2 cache shown in FIG. 1 in response to a read transaction.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating certain operations of one embodimentof the L2 cache shown in FIG. 1 during an eviction from the L2 cache.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a computer accessible medium.

FIG. 17 is a table illustrating exemplary updates of one embodiment of aremote line directory.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way ofexample in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. Itshould be understood, however, that the drawings and detaileddescription thereto are not intended to limit the invention to theparticular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within thespirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appendedclaims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Node Overview

Turning now to FIG. 1, a block diagram of one embodiment of a node 10 isshown. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the node 10 includes one or moreprocessors 12A-12N, a memory controller 14, a switch 18, a set ofinterface circuits 20A-20C, a memory bridge 32, and an L2 cache 36. Thememory bridge 32 includes a remote line directory 34. The node 10includes an interconnect 22 to which the processors 12A-12N, the memorycontroller 14, the L2 cache 36, the memory bridge 32, and the remoteline directory 34 are coupled. The node 10 is coupled, through thememory controller 14, to a memory 24. The interface circuits 20A-20Ceach include a receive (Rx) circuit 26A-26C and a transmit (Tx) circuit28A-28C. The node 10 is coupled to a set of interfaces 30A-30C throughrespective interface circuits 20A-20C. The interface circuits 20A-20Care coupled to the switch 18, which is further coupled to the memorybridge 32. A configuration register 38 is also illustrated in FIG. 1,which stores a node number (Node #) for the node 10. The configurationregister 38 is coupled to the L2 cache 36, the memory controller 14, thememory bridge 32, and the interface circuits 20A-20C in the embodimentof FIG. 1. Additionally, the processors 12A-12N may be coupled toreceive the node number from the configuration register 38.

The node 10 may support intranode coherency for transactions on theinterconnect 22. Additionally, the node 10 may support internodecoherency with other nodes (e.g. a CC-NUMA coherency, in oneembodiment). Generally, as used herein, a memory bridge includescircuitry designed to handle internode coherency functions within anode. Particularly, in one embodiment, if a transaction on theinterconnect 22 (e.g. a transaction issued by the processors 12A-12N)accesses a cache block that is remote to the node 10 (i.e. the cacheblock is part of the memory coupled to a different node) and the node 10does not have sufficient ownership to perform the transaction, thememory bridge 32 may issue one or more coherency commands to the othernodes to obtain the ownership (and a copy of the cache block, in somecases). Similarly, if the transaction access a local cache block but oneor more other nodes have a copy of the cache block, the memory bridge 32may issue coherency commands to other nodes. Still further, the memorybridge 32 may receive coherency commands from other nodes, and mayperform transactions on the interconnect 22 to effect the coherencycommands.

In one embodiment, a node such as node 10 may have memory coupledthereto (e.g. memory 24). The node may be responsible for tracking thestate, in other nodes, of each cache block from the memory in that node.A node is referred to as the “home node” for cache blocks from thememory assigned to that node. A node is referred to as a “remote node”for a cache block if the node is not the home node for that cache block.Similarly, a cache block is referred to as a local cache block in thehome node for that cache block and as a remote cache block in othernodes.

Generally, a remote node may begin the coherency process by requesting acopy of a cache block from the home node of that cache block using acoherency command. The memory bridge 32 in the remote node, for example,may detect a transaction on the interconnect 22 that accesses the cacheblock and may detect that the remote node does not have sufficientownership of the cache block to complete the transaction (e.g. it maynot have a copy of the cache block at all, or may have a shared copy andmay require exclusive ownership to complete the transaction). The memorybridge 32 in the remote node may generate and transmit the coherencycommand to the home node to obtain the copy or to obtain sufficientownership. The memory bridge 32 in the home node may determine if anystate changes in other nodes are to be performed to grant the requestedownership to the remote node, and may transmit coherency commands (e.g.probe commands) to effect the state changes. The memory bridge 32 ineach node receiving the probe commands may effect the state changes andrespond to the probe commands. Once the responses have been received,the memory bridge 32 in the home node may respond to the remote node(e.g. with a fill command including the cache block).

The remote line directory 34 may be used in the home node to track thestate of the local cache blocks in the remote nodes. The remote linedirectory 34 is updated each time a cache block is transmitted to aremote node, the remote node returns the cache block to the home node,or the cache block is invalidated via probes. As used herein, the“state” of a cache block in a given node refers to an indication of theownership that the given node has for the cache block according to thecoherency protocol implemented by the nodes. Certain levels of ownershipmay permit no access, read-only access, or read-write access to thecache block. For example, in one embodiment, the modified, shared, andinvalid states are supported in the internode coherency protocol. In themodified state, the node may read and write the cache block and the nodeis responsible for returning the block to the home node if evicted fromthe node. In the shared state, the node may read the cache block but notwrite the cache block without transmitting a coherency command to thehome node to obtain modified state for the cache block. In the invalidstate, the node may not read or write the cache block (i.e. the nodedoes not have a valid copy of the cache block). Other embodiments mayuse other coherency protocols (e.g. the MESI protocol, which includesthe modified, shared, and invalid states and an exclusive state in whichthe cache block has not yet been updated but the node is permitted toread and write the cache block, or the MOESI protocol which includes themodified, exclusive, shared, and invalid states and an owned state whichindicates that there may be shared copies of the block but the copy inmain memory is stale). In one embodiment, agents within the node mayimplement the MESI protocol for intranode coherency. Thus, the node maybe viewed as having a state in the internode coherency and individualagents may have a state in the intranode coherency (consistent with theinternode coherency state for the node containing the agent).

Coherency commands are transmitted and received on one of the interfaces30A-30C by the corresponding interface circuit 20A-20C. The interfacecircuits 20A-20C receive coherency commands for transmission from thememory bridge 32 and transmit coherency commands received from theinterfaces 30A-30C to the memory bridge 32 for processing, if thecoherency commands require processing in the node 10. In someembodiments, a coherency command may be received that is passing throughthe node 10 to another node, and does not require processing in the node10. The interface circuits 20A-20C may be configured to detect suchcommands and retransmit them (through another interface circuit 20A-20C)without involving the memory bridge 32.

In the illustrated embodiment, the interface circuits 20A-20C arecoupled to the memory bridge 32 through the switch 18 (although in otherembodiments, the interface circuits 20A-20C may have direct paths to thememory bridge 32). The switch 18 may selectively couple the interfacecircuits 20A-20C (and particularly the Rx circuits 26A-26C in theillustrated embodiment) to other interface circuits 20A-20C (andparticularly the Tx circuits 28A-28C in the illustrated embodiment) orto the memory bridge 32 to transfer received coherency commands. Theswitch 18 may also selectively couple the memory bridge 32 to theinterface circuits 20A-20C (and particularly to the Tx circuits 28A-28Cin the illustrated embodiment) to transfer coherency commands generatedby the memory bridge 32 from the memory bridge 32 to the interfacecircuits 20A-20C for transmission on the corresponding interface30A-30C. The switch 18 may have request/grant interfaces to each of theinterface circuits 20A-20C and the memory bridge 32 for requestingtransfers and granting those transfers. The switch 18 may have an inputpath from each source (the Rx circuits 26A-26C and the memory bridge 32)and an output path to each destination (the Tx circuits 28A-28C and thememory bridge 32), and may couple a granted input path to a grantedoutput path for transmission of a coherency command (or a portionthereof, if coherency commands are larger than one transfer through theswitch 18). The couplings may then be changed to the next granted inputpath and granted output path. Multiple independent input path/outputpath grants may occur concurrently.

In one embodiment, the interfaces 30A-30C may support a set of virtualchannels in which commands are transmitted. Each virtual channel isdefined to flow independent of the other virtual channels, even thoughthe virtual channels may share certain physical resources (e.g. theinterface 30A-30C on which the commands are flowing). These virtualchannels may be mapped to internal virtual channels (referred to asswitch virtual channels herein). The switch 18 may be virtual-channelaware. That is, the switch 18 may grant a coupling between a source anda destination based not only on the ability of the source to transferdata and the destination to receive data, but also on the ability of thesource to transfer data in a particular switch virtual channel and thedestination to receive data on that switch virtual channel. Thus,requests from sources may indicate the destination and the virtualchannel on which data is to be transferred, and requests fromdestinations may indicate the virtual channel on which data may bereceived.

Generally speaking, a node may include one or more coherent agents(dotted enclosure 16 in FIG. 1). In the embodiment of FIG. 1, theprocessors 12A-12N, the L2 cache 36, and the memory controller 14 may beexamples of coherent agents 16. Additionally, the memory bridge 32 maybe a coherent agent (on behalf of other nodes). However, otherembodiments may include other coherent agents as well, such as a bridgeto one or more I/O interface circuits, or the I/O interface circuitsthemselves. Generally, an agent includes any circuit which participatesin transactions on an interconnect. A coherent agent is an agent that iscapable of performing coherent transactions and operating in a coherentfashion with regard to transactions. A transaction is a communication onan interconnect. The transaction is sourced by one agent on theinterconnect, and may have one or more agents as a target of thetransaction. Read transactions specify a transfer of data from a targetto the source, while write transactions specify a transfer of data fromthe source to the target. Other transactions may be used to communicatebetween agents without transfer of data, in some embodiments.

Each of the interface circuits 20A-20C are configured to receive andtransmit on the respective interfaces 30A-30C to which they areconnected. The Rx circuits 26A-26C handle the receiving ofcommunications from the interfaces 30A-30C, and the Tx circuits 28A-28Chandle the transmitting of communications on the interfaces 30A-30C.

Each of the interfaces 30A-30C used for coherent communications aredefined to be capable of transmitting and receiving coherency commands.Particularly, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, those interfaces 30A-30C maybe defined to receive/transmit coherency commands to and from the node10 from other nodes. Additionally, other types of commands may becarried. In one embodiment, each interface 30A-30C may be aHyperTransport™ (HT) interface, including an extension to the HTinterface to include coherency commands (HTcc). Additionally, in someembodiments, an extension to the HyperTransport interface to carrypacket data (Packet over HyperTransport, or PoHT) may be supported. Asused herein, coherency commands include any communications between nodesthat are used to maintain coherency between nodes. The commands mayinclude read or write requests initiated by a node to fetch or update acache block belonging to another node, probes to invalidate cachedcopies of cache blocks in remote nodes (and possibly to return amodified copy of the cache block to the home node), responses to probecommands, fills which transfer data, etc.

In some embodiments, one or more of the interface circuits 20A-20C maynot be used for coherency management and may be defined as packetinterfaces. Such interfaces 30A-30C may be HT interfaces. Alternative,such interfaces 30A-30C may be system packet interfaces (SPI) accordingto any level of the SPI specification set forth by the OpticalInternetworking Forum (e.g. level 3, level 4, or level 5). In oneparticular embodiment, the interfaces may be SPI-4 phase 2 interfaces.In the illustrated embodiment, each interface circuit 20A-20C may beconfigurable to communicate on either the SPI-4 interface or the HTinterface. Each interface circuit 20A-20C may be individuallyprogrammable, permitting various combinations of the HT and SPI-4interfaces as interfaces 30A-30C. The programming may be performed inany fashion (e.g. sampling certain signals during reset, shifting valuesinto configuration registers (not shown) during reset, programming theinterfaces with configuration space commands after reset, pins that aretied up or down externally to indicate the desired programming, etc.).Other embodiments may employ any interface capable of carrying packetdata (e.g. the Media Independent Interface (MII) or the Gigabit MII(GMII) interfaces, X.25, Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),etc.). The packet interfaces may carry packet data directly (e.g.transmitting the packet data with various control information indicatingthe start of packet, end of packet, etc.) or indirectly (e.g.transmitting the packet data as a payload of a command, such as POHT).

In embodiments which also support packet traffic, the node 10 may alsoinclude a packet direct memory access (DMA) circuit configured totransfer packets to and from the memory 24 on behalf of the interfacecircuits 20A-20C. The switch 18 may be used to transmit packet data fromthe interface circuits 20A-20C to the packet DMA circuit and from thepacket DMA circuit to the interface circuits 20A-20C. Additionally,packets may be routed from an Rx circuit 26A-26C to a Tx circuit 28A-28Cthrough the switch 18, in some embodiments.

The processors 12A-12N may be designed to any instruction setarchitecture, and may execute programs written to that instruction setarchitecture. Exemplary instruction set architectures may include theMIPS instruction set architecture (including the MIPS-3D and MIPS MDMXapplication specific extensions), the IA-32 or IA-64 instruction setarchitectures developed by Intel Corp., the PowerPC instruction setarchitecture, the Alpha instruction set architecture, the ARMinstruction set architecture, or any other instruction set architecture.The node 10 may include any number of processors (e.g. as few as oneprocessor, two processors, four processors, etc.).

The L2 cache 36 may be any type and capacity of cache memory, employingany organization (e.g. set associative, direct mapped, fullyassociative, etc.). In one embodiment, the L2 cache 36 may be an 8 way,set associative, 1 MB cache. The L2 cache 36 is referred to as L2 hereinbecause the processors 12A-12N may include internal (L1) caches. Inother embodiments the L2 cache 36 may be an L1 cache, an L3 cache, orany other level as desired.

The memory controller 14 is configured to access the memory 24 inresponse to read and write transactions received on the interconnect 22.The memory controller 14 may receive a hit signal from the L2 cache, andif a hit is detected in the L2 cache for a given read/write transaction,the memory controller 14 may not respond to that transaction. The memorycontroller 14 may be designed to access any of a variety of types ofmemory. For example, the memory controller 14 may be designed forsynchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and more particularlydouble data rate (DDR) SDRAM. Alternatively, the memory controller 16may be designed for DRAM, DDR synchronous graphics RAM (SGRAM), DDR fastcycle RAM (FCRAM), DDR-II SDRAM, Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), SRAM, or any othersuitable memory device or combinations of the above mentioned memorydevices.

The interconnect 22 may be any form of communication medium between thedevices coupled to the interconnect. For example, in variousembodiments, the interconnect 22 may include shared buses, crossbarconnections, point-to-point connections in a ring, star, or any othertopology, meshes, cubes, etc. The interconnect 22 may also includestorage, in some embodiments. In one particular embodiment, theinterconnect 22 may comprise a bus. The bus may be a split transactionbus, in one embodiment (i.e. having separate address and data phases).The data phases of various transactions on the bus may proceed out oforder with the address phases. The bus may also support coherency andthus may include a response phase to transmit coherency responseinformation. The bus may employ a distributed arbitration scheme, in oneembodiment. In one embodiment, the bus may be pipelined. The bus mayemploy any suitable signaling technique. For example, in one embodiment,differential signaling may be used for high speed signal transmission.Other embodiments may employ any other signaling technique (e.g. TTL,CMOS, GTL, HSTL, etc.). Other embodiments may employ non-splittransaction buses arbitrated with a single arbitration for address anddata and/or a split transaction bus in which the data bus is notexplicitly arbitrated. Either a central arbitration scheme or adistributed arbitration scheme may be used, according to design choice.Furthermore, the bus may not be pipelined, if desired.

Various embodiments of the node 10 may include additional circuitry, notshown in FIG. 1. For example, the node 10 may include various I/Odevices and/or interfaces. Exemplary I/O may include one or more PCIinterfaces, one or more serial interfaces, Personal Computer Memory CardInternational Association (PCMCIA) interfaces, etc. Such interfaces maybe directly coupled to the interconnect 22 or may be coupled through oneor more I/O bridge circuits.

In one embodiment, the node 10 (and more particularly the processors12A-12N, the memory controller 14, the L2 cache 36, the interfacecircuits 20A-20C, the memory bridge 32 including the remote linedirectory 34, the switch 18, the configuration register 38, and theinterconnect 22) may be integrated onto a single integrated circuit as asystem on a chip configuration. The additional circuitry mentioned abovemay also be integrated. Alternatively, other embodiments may implementone or more of the devices as separate integrated circuits. In anotherconfiguration, the memory 24 may be integrated as well. Alternatively,one or more of the components may be implemented as separate integratedcircuits, or all components may be separate integrated circuits, asdesired. Any level of integration may be used.

It is noted that, while three interface circuits 20A-20C are illustratedin FIG. 1, one or more interface circuits may be implemented in variousembodiments. As used herein, an interface circuit includes any circuitryconfigured to communicate on an interface according to the protocoldefined for the interface. The interface circuit may include receivecircuitry configured to receive communications on the interface andtransmit the received communications to other circuitry internal to thesystem that includes the interface circuit. The interface circuit mayalso include transmit circuitry configured to receive communicationsfrom the other circuitry internal to the system and configured totransmit the communications on the interface.

Turning next to FIG. 2, a block diagram of one embodiment of a coherentsystem 40 is shown. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the system 40 includesa plurality of nodes 10A-10D. Each of nodes 10A-10D may beinstantiations of the node 10. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the node 10Ais coupled to the node 10B, which is further coupled to the node 10C,which is still further coupled to the node 10D. Particularly, theinterface circuit 20C of the node 10A is coupled to an interface towhich the interface circuit 20A of the node 10B is coupled. Theinterface circuit 20B of the node 10B is coupled to an interface towhich the interface circuit 20B of the node 10C is coupled. Theinterface circuit 20A of the node 10C is coupled to an interface towhich the node 10D is coupled.

The nodes 10A-10D may use the interfaces to communicate coherentlybetween the nodes. That is, coherency commands generated by the memorybridges 32 in the nodes 10A-10D may be transmitted over the interfacesbetween the nodes. Additionally, in some embodiments, other types ofcommands may be transmitted. For example, in one embodiment, theinterfaces may be HT interfaces, as mentioned above with respect toFIG. 1. Thus, HT commands, HTcc commands, and/or PoHT commands may betransmitted in various embodiments. The HT interface may comprise a pairof point-to-point links between each interface. For example, theinterface between the interface circuit 20C of the node 10A and theinterface circuit 20A of the node 10B may comprise a pair ofpoint-to-point links, one link driven by the interface circuit 20C ofthe node 10A to the interface circuit 20A of the node 10B and the otherlink drive by the interface circuit 20A of the node 10B to the interfacecircuit 20C of the node 10A. Other interfaces may similarly bepoint-to-point links. In other embodiments, any type of interface may beused.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the nodes 10A-10D are interconnected in adaisy chain fashion. This interconnection may be used for standard HTcommands. In other embodiments, any interconnection may be used for HTcccommands. For example, in an embodiment, the nodes 10A-10D may each bedirectly coupled to each other node (using one of the three interfacecircuits 20A-20C to couple to an interface circuit of each other node).Some of the connections may be used to provide the daisy chain routingfor standard HT commands.

While four nodes 10A-10D are illustrated in the coherent system 40,other embodiments may employ any number of nodes, as desired. The nodesmay be connected in any desired configuration using the interfacecircuits 20A-20C. If the HT interface is used, and standard HT commandsare used in the coherent system 40 (in addition to the HTcc commands),the connection may include a daisy chain path that reaches each node.

Turning next to FIG. 3, a table 42 is shown illustrating an exemplaryset of transactions supported by one embodiment of the interconnect 22and a table 44 is shown illustrating an exemplary set of coherencycommands supported by one embodiment of the interfaces 30. Otherembodiments including subsets, supersets, or alternative sets ofcommands may be used.

The transactions illustrated in the table 42 will next be described. Anagent in the node 10 may read a cache block (either remote or local)using the read shared (RdShd) or read exclusive (RdExc) transactions onthe interconnect 22. The RdShd transaction is used to request a sharedcopy of the cache block, and the RdExc transaction is used to request anexclusive copy of the cache block. If the RdShd transaction is used, andno other agent reports having a copy of the cache block during theresponse phase of the transaction (except for the L2 cache 36 and/or thememory controller 14), the agent may take the cache block in theexclusive state. In response to the RdExc transaction, other agents inthe node invalidate their copies of the cache block (if any).Additionally, an exclusive (or modified) owner of the cache block maysupply the data for the transaction in the data phase. Other embodimentsmay employ other mechanisms (e.g. a retry on the interconnect 22) toensure the transfer of a modified cache block.

The write transaction (Wr) and the write invalidate transaction (WrInv)may be used by an agent to write a cache block to memory. The Wrtransaction may be used by an owner having the modified state for theblock, since no other copies of the block need to be invalidated. TheWrInv transaction may be used by an agent that does not have exclusiveownership of the block (the agent may even have the invalid state forthe block). The WrInv transaction causes other agents to invalidate anycopies of the block, including modified copies. The WrInv transactionmay be used by an agent that is writing the entire cache block. Forexample, a DMA that is writing the entire cache block with new data mayuse the transaction to avoid a read transaction followed by a writetransaction.

The RdKill and RdInv transactions may be used by the memory bridge 32 inresponse to probes received by the node 10 from other nodes. The RdKilland RdInv transactions cause the initiator (the memory bridge 32) toacquire exclusive access to the cache block and cause any cache agentsto invalidate their copies (transferring data to the initiator similarto the RdShd and RdExc transactions). In one embodiment, the RdKilltransaction also cancels a reservation established by the load-linkedinstruction in the MIPS instruction set, while the RdInv transactiondoes not. In other embodiments, a single transaction may be used forprobes. In still other embodiments, there may be a probe-generatedtransaction that invalidates agent copies of the cache block (similar tothe RdKill and RdInv transactions) and another probe-generatedtransaction that permits agents to retain shared copies of the cacheblock.

The WrFlush transaction is a write transaction which may be initiated byan agent and another agent may have an exclusive or modified copy of theblock. The other agent provides the data for the WrFlush transaction, orthe initiating agent provides the data if no other agent has anexclusive or modified copy of the block. The WrFlush transaction may beused, in one embodiment described below in which the L2 cache 36 retainsthe node state for the node 10 but other agents may have the cache blockin a modified state as well. The L2 cache 36 may use the WrFlush commandto evict a remote cache block which may be modified in a cache ofanother agent in the node 10.

The Nop transaction is a no-operation transaction. The Nop may be usedif an agent is granted use of the interconnect 22 (e.g. the address bus,in embodiments in which the interconnect 22 is a split transaction bus)and the agent determines that it no longer has a transaction to run onthe interconnect 22.

The commands illustrated in the table 44 will next be described. In thetable 44, the command is shown as well as the virtual channel in whichthe command travels on the interfaces 30. The virtual channels mayinclude, in the illustrated embodiment: the coherent read (CRd) virtualchannel; the probe (Probe) virtual channel; the acknowledge (Ack)virtual channel; and coherent fill (CFill) virtual channel. The CRd,Probe, Ack, and CFill virtual channels are defined for the HTcccommands. There may be additional virtual channels for the standard HTcommands (e.g. non-posted command (NPC) virtual channel, the postedcommand (PC) virtual channel, and the response (RSP) virtual channel).

The cRdShd or cRdExc commands may be issued by the memory bridge 32 inresponse to a RdShd or RdExc transactions on the interconnect 22,respectively, to read a remote cache block not stored in the node (or,in the case of RdExc, the block may be stored in the node but in theshared state). If the cache block is stored in the node (with exclusiveownership, in the case of the RdExc transaction), the read is completedon the interconnect 22 without any coherency command transmission by thememory bridge 32.

The Flush and Kill commands are probe commands for this embodiment. Thememory bridge 32 at the home node of a cache block may issue probecommands in response to a cRdShd or cRdExc command. The memory bridge 32at the home node of the cache block may also issue a probe command inresponse to a transaction for a local cache block, if one or more remotenodes has a copy of the cache block. The Flush command is used torequest that a remote modified owner of a cache block return the cacheblock to the home node (and invalidate the cache block in the remotemodified owner). The Kill command is used to request that a remote ownerinvalidate the cache block. In other embodiments, additional probecommands may be supported for other state change requests (e.g. allowingremote owners to retain a shared copy of the cache block).

The probe commands are responded to (after effecting the state changesrequested by the probe commands) using either the Kill_Ack or WBcommands. The Kill_Ack command is an acknowledgement that a Kill commandhas been processed by a receiving node. The WB command is a write backof the cache block, and is transmitted in response to the Flush command.The WB command may also be used by a node to write back a remote cacheblock that is being evicted from the node.

The Fill command is the command to transfer data to a remote node thathas transmitted a read command (cRdExc or cRdShd) to the home node. TheFill command is issued by the memory bridge 32 in the home node afterthe probes (if any) for a cache block have completed.

Turning next to FIG. 4, a block diagram illustrating one embodiment ofan address space implemented by one embodiment of the node 10 is shown.Addresses shown in FIG. 4 are illustrated as hexadecimal digits, with anunder bar (“_”) separating groups of four digits. Thus, in theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, 40 bits of address are supported. Inother embodiments, more or fewer address bits may be supported.

In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the address space between00_(—)0000_(—)0000 and OF_FFFF_FFFF is treated as local address space.Transactions generated by agents in the local address space do notgenerate coherency commands to other nodes, although coherency may beenforced within the node 10 for these addresses. That is, the localaddress space is not maintained coherent with other nodes. Variousportions of the local address space may be memory mapped to I/O devices,HT, etc. as desired.

The address space between 40_(—)0000_(—)0000 and EF_FFFF_FFFF is theremote coherent space 48. That is, the address space between40_(—)0000_(—)0000 and EF_FFFF_FFFF is maintained coherent between thenodes. Each node is assigned a portion of the remote coherent space, andthat node is the home node for the portion. As shown in FIG. 1, eachnode is programmable with a node number. The node number is equal to themost significant nibble (4 bits) of the addresses for which that node isthe home node, in this embodiment. Thus, the node numbers may range from4 to E in the embodiment shown. Other embodiments may support more orfewer node numbers, as desired. In the illustrated embodiment, each nodeis assigned a 64 Gigabyte (GB) portion of the memory space for which itis the home node. The size of the portion assigned to each node may bevaried in other embodiments (e.g. based on the address size or otherfactors).

For a given coherent node, there is an aliasing between the remotecoherent space for which that node is the home node and the localaddress space of that node. That is, corresponding addresses in thelocal address space and the portion of the remote coherent space forwhich the node is the home node access the same memory locations in thememory 24 of the node (or are memory mapped to the same I/O devices orinterfaces, etc.). For example, the node having node number 5 aliasesthe address space 50_(—)0000_(—)0000 through 5F_FFFF_FFFF to00_(—)0000_(—)0000 through 0F_FFFF_FFFF respectively (arrow 46).Internode coherent accesses to the memory 24 at the node 10 use thenode-numbered address space (e.g. 50_(—)0000_(—)0000 to 5F_FFFF_FFFF, ifthe node number programmed into node 10 is 5) to access cache blocks inthe memory 24. That is agents in other nodes and agents within the nodethat are coherently accessing cache blocks in the memory use the remotecoherent space, while access in the local address space are notmaintained coherent with other nodes (even though the same cache blockmay be accessed). Thus the addresses are aliased, but not maintainedcoherent, in this embodiment. In other embodiments, the addresses in theremote coherent space and the corresponding addresses in the localaddress space may be maintained coherent.

A cache block is referred to as local in a node if the cache block ispart of the memory assigned to the node (as mentioned above). Thus, thecache block may be local if it is accessed from the local address spaceor the remote coherent space, as long as the address is in the range forwhich the node is the home node. Similarly, a transaction on theinterconnect 22 that accesses a local cache block may be referred to asa local transaction or local access. A transaction on the interconnect22 that accesses a remote cache block (via the remote coherent addressspace outside of the portion for which the node is the home node) may bereferred to as a remote transaction or a remote access.

The address space between 10_(—)0000_(—)0000 and 3F_FFFF_FFFF may beused for additional HT transactions (e.g. standard HT transactions) inthe illustrated embodiment. Additionally, the address space betweenF0_(—)0000_(—)0000 and FF_FFFF_FFFF may be reserved in the illustratedembodiment.

It is noted that, while the most significant nibble of the addressdefines which node is being accessed, other embodiments may use anyother portion of the address to identify the node. Furthermore, otherinformation in the transaction may be used to identify remote versuslocal transactions, in other embodiments (e.g. command type, controlinformation transmitted in the transaction, etc.).

Turning next to FIG. 5, a decision tree for a read transaction to amemory space address on the interconnect 22 of a node 10 is shown forone embodiment. The decision tree may illustrate operation of the node10 for the read transaction for different conditions of the transaction,the state of the cache block accessed by the transaction, etc. The readtransaction may, in one embodiment, include the RdShd, RdExc, RdKill,and RdInv transactions shown in the table 42 of FIG. 3. Each dot on thelines within the decision tree represents a divergence point of one ormore limbs of the tree, which are labeled with the correspondingconditions. Where multiple limbs emerge from a dot, taking one limb alsoimplies that the conditions for the other limbs are not met. In FIG. 5,the exclamation point (“!”) is used to indicate a logical NOT. Not shownin FIG. 5 is the state transition made by each coherent agent which iscaching a copy of the cache block for the read transaction. If the readtransaction is RdShd, the coherent agent may retain a copy of the cacheblock in the shared state. Otherwise, the coherent agent invalidates itscopy of the cache block.

The transaction may be either local or remote, as mentioned above. Forlocal transactions, if the transaction is uncacheable, then a read fromthe memory 24 is performed (reference numeral 50). In one embodiment,the transaction may include an indication of whether or not thetransaction is cacheable. If the transaction is uncacheable, it istreated as a non-coherent transaction in the present embodiment.

If the local transaction is cacheable, the operation of the node 10 isdependent on the response provided during the response phase of thetransaction. In one embodiment, each coherent agent responds with thestate of the cache block in that agent. For example, each coherent agentmay have an associated shared (SHD) and exclusive (EXC) signal. Theagent may signal invalid state by deasserting both the SHD and EXCsignals. The agent may signal shared state by asserting the SHD signaland deasserting the EXC signal. The agent may signal exclusive state (ormodified state) by asserting the EXC signal and deasserting the SHDsignal. The exclusive and modified states may be treated the same in theresponse phase in this embodiment, and the exclusive/modified owner mayprovide the data. The exclusive/modified owner may provide, concurrentwith the data, an indication of whether the state is exclusive ormodified. While each agent may have its own SHD and EXC signals in thisembodiment (and the initiating agent may receive the signals from eachother agent), in other embodiments a shared SHD and EXC signal may beused by all agents.

If both the SHD and EXC responses are received for the localtransaction, an error has occurred (reference numeral 52). The memorycontroller may return a fatal error indication for the read transaction,in one embodiment. If the response is exclusive (SHD deasserted, EXCasserted) the exclusive owner provides the data for the read transactionon the interconnect 20 (reference numeral 54). If the exclusive owner isthe memory bridge 32 (as recorded in the remote line directory 34), thena remote node has the cache block in the modified state. The memorybridge 32 issues a probe (Flush command) to retrieve the cache blockfrom that remote node. The memory bridge 32 may supply the cache blockreturned from the remote node as the data for the read on theinterconnect 22.

If the response is shared (SHD asserted, EXC deasserted), the localtransaction is RdExc, and the memory bridge 32 is one of the agentsreporting shared, then at least one remote node may have a shared copyof the cache block. The memory bridge 32 may initiate a probe (Killcommand) to invalidate the shared copies of the cache block in theremote node(s) (reference numeral 56). In one embodiment, the data maybe read from memory (or the L2 cache 36) for this case, but the transferof the data may be delayed until the remote node(s) have acknowledgedthe probe. The memory bridge 32 may signal the memory controller 14/L2cache 36 when the acknowledgements have been received. In oneembodiment, each transaction may have a transaction identifier on theinterconnect 22. The memory bridge 32 may transmit the transactionidentifier of the RdExc transaction to the memory controller 14/L2 cache36 to indicate that the data may be transmitted.

If the response is shared, the local transaction is RdExc, and thesharing agents are local agents (i.e. the memory bridge 32 does notreport shared), then the L2 cache 36 or the memory controller 14 maysupply the data, depending on whether or not there is an L2 hit for thecache block (reference numeral 58). Similarly, if the response is sharedand the transaction is not RdExc, the L2 cache 36 or the memorycontroller 14 may supply the data dependent on whether or not there isan L2 hit for the cache block.

If the transaction is remote and uncacheable, then the memory bridge 32may generate a noncoherent read command on the interfaces 30 to read thedata. For example, a standard HT read command may be used (referencenumeral 60). If the remote transaction is cacheable and the response onthe interconnect 22 is exclusive, then the exclusive owner supplies thedata for the read (reference numeral 62). If the remote transaction iscacheable, the response is not exclusive, the cache block is an L2 cachehit, and the transaction is either RdShd or the transaction is RdExc andthe L2 cache has the block in the modified state, then the L2 cache 36supplies the data for the read (reference numeral 64). Otherwise, thememory bridge 32 initiates a corresponding read command to the home nodeof the cache block (reference numeral 66).

Turning next to FIG. 6, a decision tree for a write transaction to amemory space address on the interconnect 22 of a node 10 is shown forone embodiment. The decision tree may illustrate operation of the nodefor the write transaction for different conditions of the transaction,the state of the cache block accessed by the transaction, etc. The writetransaction may, in one embodiment, include the Wr, WrInv, and WrFlushtransactions shown in the table 42 of FIG. 3. Each dot on the lineswithin the decision tree represents a divergence point of one or morelimbs of the tree, which are labeled with the corresponding conditions.Where multiple limbs emerge from a dot, taking one limb also impliesthat the conditions for the other limbs are not met. In FIG. 6, theexclamation point (“!”) is used to indicate a logical NOT. Not shown inFIG. 6 is the state transition made by each coherent agent which iscaching a copy of the cache block for the write transaction. Thecoherent agent invalidates its copy of the cache block.

If the transaction is a local transaction, and the transaction is aWrInv transaction that hits in the remote line directory 34 (i.e. aremote node is caching a copy of the cache block), the memory controller14 (and the L2 cache 36, if an L2 hit) updates with the write data(reference numeral 70). Additionally, the memory bridge 32 may generateprobes to the remote nodes indicated by the remote line directory 34.The update of the memory/L2 cache may be delayed until the probes havebeen completed, at which time the memory bridge 32 may transmit thetransaction identifier of the WrInv transaction to the L2 cache36/memory controller 14 to permit the update.

If the local transaction is uncacheable or if the L2 cache 36 is themaster of the transaction (that is, the L2 cache 36 initiated thetransaction), then the memory controller 14 updates with the data(reference numeral 72). If the local transaction is cacheable, thememory controller 14 and/or the L2 cache 36 updates with the data basedon whether or not there is an L2 cache hit (and, in some embodiments,based on an L2 cache allocation indication in the transaction, whichallows the source of the transaction to indicate whether or not the L2cache allocates a cache line for an L2 cache miss) (reference numeral74).

If the transaction is a remote transaction, the transaction is a WrFlushtransaction, and the response to the transaction is exclusive, theexclusive owner supplies the data (reference numeral 76). If the remoteWrFlush transaction results in a non-exclusive response (shared orinvalid), the L2 cache 36 supplies the data of the WrFlush transaction.In one embodiment, the L2 cache 36 retains the state of the node asrecorded in the home node, and the L2 cache 36 uses the WrFlushtransaction to evict a remote cache block which is in the modified statein the node. Thus, if another agent has the cache block in the exclusivestate, that agent may have a more recent copy of the cache block thatshould be returned to the home node. Otherwise, the L2 cache 36 suppliesthe block to be returned to the home node. In either case, the memorybridge 32 may capture the WrFlush transaction and data, and may performa WB command to return the cache block to the home node.

If the remote transaction is not a WrFlush transaction, and is not cachecoherent, the memory bridge 32 receives the write transaction andperforms a noncoherent Wr command (e.g. a standard HT write) to transmitthe cache block to the home node (reference numeral 80). If the remotetransaction is not a WrFlush transaction, is cache coherent, and is anL2 hit, the L2 cache 36 may update with the data (reference numeral 82).

Turning next to FIG. 7, a block diagram illustrating operation of oneembodiment of the memory bridge 32 in response to various coherencycommands received from the interface circuits 20A-20C is shown. Thereceived command is shown in an oval. Commands initiated by the memorybridge 32 in response to the received command (and the state of theaffected cache block as indicated in the remote line directory 34) areshown in solid boxes. Dotted boxes are commands received by the memorybridge 32 in response to the commands transmitted in the preceding solidboxes. The cache block affected by a command is shown in parenthesesafter the command.

In one embodiment, the remote line directory 34 may be accessed inresponse to a transaction on the interconnect 22. In such an embodiment,the memory bridge 32 may initiate a transaction on the interconnect 22in response to certain coherent commands in order to retrieve the remoteline directory 34 (as well as to affect any state changes in thecoherent agents coupled to the interconnect 22, if applicable). In otherembodiments, the memory bridge 32 may be configured to read the remoteline directory 34 prior to generating a transaction on the interconnect22, and may conditionally generate a transaction if needed based on thestate of the remote line directory 34 for the requested cache block.Additionally, in one embodiment, the remote line directory 34 maymaintain the remote state for a subset of the local cache blocks thatare shareable remotely (e.g. a subset of the portion of the remotecoherent space 48 that is assigned to the local node). If a cache blockis requested by a remote node using a coherency command and there is noentry in the remote line directory 34 for the cache block, then a victimcache block may be replaced in the remote line directory 34 (and probesmay be generated to invalidate the victim cache block in remote nodes).In other embodiments, the remote line directory 34 may be configured totrack the state of each cache block in the portion of the remotecoherent space 48 that is assigned to the local node. In suchembodiments, operations related to the victim cache blocks may beomitted from FIG. 7.

For a cRdShd command for cache block “A” received by the memory bridge32 (reference numeral 90), the memory bridge 32 may generate a RdShdtransaction on the interconnect 22. Based on the remote line directory(RLD) state for the cache block A, a number of operations may occur. Ifthe RLD state is shared, or invalid and there is an entry available forallocation without requiring a victim cache block to be evicted (“RLDempty” in FIG. 7), then the memory bridge 32 may transmit a fill commandto the remote node with the data supplied to the memory bridge 32 inresponse to the RdShd transaction on the interconnect 22 (referencenumeral 92). On the other hand, if the RLD state is invalid and aneviction of a victim block is used to free an RLD entry for cache blockA, then the memory bridge 32 may transmit probes to the remote nodeshaving copies of the victim cache block. If the victim cache block isshared, the memory bridge 32 may transmit a Kill command (or commands,if multiple nodes are sharing the victim cache block) for the victimblock (reference numeral 94). The remote nodes respond with Kill_Ackcommands for the victim block (reference numeral 96). If the victimblock is modified, the memory bridge 32 may transmit a Flush command tothe remote node having the modified state (reference numeral 98). Theremote node may return the modified block with a WB command (referencenumeral 100). In either case of evicting a victim block, the memorybridge 32 may, in parallel, generate a Fill command for the cache blockA (reference numeral 92, via arrow 102). Finally, if the RLD state ismodified for the cache block A, the memory bridge 32 may generate aFlush command for the cache block A to the remote node (referencenumeral 104), which responds with a WB command and the cache block A(reference numeral 106). The memory bridge 32 may then transmit the Fillcommand with the cache block A provided via the write back command(reference numeral 92).

In response to a cRdExc command for a cache block A (reference numeral110), operation may be similar to the cRdShd case for some RLD states.Similar to the cRdShd case, the memory bridge 32 may initiate a RdExctransaction on the interconnect 22 in response to the cRdExc command.Similar to the cRdShd case, if the RLD is invalid and no eviction of avictim cache block is needed in the RLD to allocate an entry for thecache block A, then the memory bridge 32 may supply the cache blocksupplied on the interconnect 22 for the RdExc transaction in a fillcommand to the remote node (reference numeral 112). Additionally, if theRLD state is invalid for the cache block A and a victim cache block isevicted from the RLD 34, the memory bridge 32 may operate in a similarfashion to the cRdShd case (reference numerals 114 and 116 and arrow 122for the shared case of the victim block and reference numerals 118 and120 and arrow 122 for the modified case of the victim block). If the RLDstate is modified for the cache block A, the memory bridge 32 mayoperate in a similar fashion to the cRdShd case (reference numerals 124and 126). If the RLD state is shared for the cache block A, the memorybridge 32 may generate Kill commands for each remote sharing node(reference numeral 128). The memory bridge 32 may wait for the Kill_Ackcommands from the remote sharing nodes (reference numeral 130), and thentransmit the Fill command with the cache block A provided on theinterconnect 22 in response to the RdExc transaction (reference numeral112).

In response to a Wr command to the cache block A, the memory bridge 32may generate a Wr transaction on the interconnect 22. If the RLD stateis invalid for the cache block A, the memory bridge 32 may transmit thewrite data on the interconnect 22 and the Wr command is complete(reference numeral 142). If the RLD state is shared for the cache blockA, the memory bridge 32 may generate Kill commands to each remotesharing node (reference numeral 144) and collect the Kill_Ack commandsfrom those remote nodes (reference numeral 146) in addition totransmitting the data on the interconnect 22. If the RLD state ismodified for a remote node, the memory bridge 32 may generate a Flushcommand to the remote node (reference numeral 148) and receive the WBcommand from the remote node (reference numeral 150). In one embodiment,the memory bridge 32 may delay transmitting the write data on theinterconnect 22 until the WB command or Kill_Ack commands are received(although the data returned with the WB command may be dropped by thememory bridge 32).

The above commands are received by the memory bridge 32 for cache blocksfor which the node 10 including the memory bridge 32 is the home node.The memory bridge 32 may also receive Flush commands or Kill commandsfor cache blocks for which the node 10 is a remote node. In response toa Flush command to the cache block A (reference numeral 160), the memorybridge 32 may initiate a RdKill or RdInv transaction on the interconnect22. If the local state of the cache block is modified, the memory bridge32 may transmit a WB command to the home node, with the cache blocksupplied on the interconnect 22 in response to the RdKill or RdInvtransaction (reference numeral 162). If the local state of the cacheblock is not modified, the memory bridge 32 may not respond to the Flushcommand. In this case, the node may already have transmitted a WBcommand to the home node (e.g. in response to evicting the cache blocklocally). In response to a Kill command to the cache block A (referencenumeral 170), the memory bridge 32 may initiate a RdKill or RdInvtransaction on the interconnect 22. The memory bridge 32 may respond tothe Kill command with a Kill_Ack command (reference numeral 172).

In one embodiment, the memory bridge 32 may also be configured toreceive a non-cacheable read (RdNC) command (e.g. corresponding to astandard HT read) (reference numeral 180). In response, the memorybridge 32 may initiate a RdShd transaction on the interconnect 22. Ifthe RLD state is modified for the cache block including the data to beread, the memory bridge 32 may transmit a Flush command to the remotenode having the modified cache block (reference numeral 182), and mayreceive the WB command from the remote node (reference numeral 184).Additionally, the memory bridge 32 may supply data received on theinterconnect 22 in response to the RdShd transaction as a read response(RSP) to the requesting node (reference numeral 186).

Turning next to FIG. 8, a block diagram of one embodiment of the memorybridge 32 in more detail is shown. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, thememory bridge 32 includes an inbound control circuit 190, the remoteline directory 34, an RLD control circuit 192, an outbound controlcircuit 194, and a switch interface circuit 196. Each of the inboundcontrol circuit 190, the remote line directory 34, the RLD controlcircuit 192 and the outbound control circuit 194 are coupled to receivethe node number (Node #) from the configuration register 38.Additionally, each of the inbound control circuit 190, the remote linedirectory 34, the RLD control circuit 192, and the outbound controlcircuit 194 are coupled to receive information from the interconnect 22and/or transmit information to the interconnect 22. There may be aninterconnect interface circuit (not shown) designed to communicate onthe interconnect 22 on behalf of the above circuits, as desired. Theremote line directory 34, the inbound control circuit 190, and theoutbound control circuit 192 are coupled to the RLD control circuit 192.The inbound control circuit 190 and the outbound control circuit 194 arecoupled to the switch interface circuit 196, which is further coupled torequest/grant interfaces of the switch 18 for the inbound and outboundcommands. The inbound control circuit 190 includes a set of inboundcommand buffers 198, which are coupled to receive data from the switch18. The outbound control circuit 194 includes a set of outbound commandbuffers 200, which are coupled to provide data to the switch 18. Theoutbound control circuit 194 may further include an address map 202.

The inbound control circuit 190 may receive commands from other nodesvia the switch 18, and may cause corresponding transactions to beinitiated on the interconnect 22. The commands may be received into theinbound command buffers 200, which may include buffers for each virtualchannel on which commands may be transmitted. Thus, in this example, thebuffers may include CFill buffers for the CFill virtual channel, ACKbuffers for the ACK virtual channel, Probe buffers for the probe virtualchannel, RSP buffers for the RSP virtual channel, PC buffers for the PCvirtual channel, and NPC buffers for the NPC virtual channel, and CRdbuffers for the CRd virtual channel. The buffers 200 may actuallycomprise separate address and data buffers, where the address buffersstore the address and other attributes of each command and the databuffers store corresponding data for those commands that carry data(e.g. a cache block). Generally, if the inbound control circuit 190 hasan available buffer for a given virtual channel, it may signal theswitch interface circuit, which may request data from the switch on thatvirtual channel. If a source (e.g. the interface circuits 20A-20C) has acommand to transmit on that virtual channel and requests that virtualchannel, the switch 18 may grant the virtual channel to that source andmay inform the switch interface circuit 196 of the grant. The grant mayinclude an indication of the source and the virtual channel that isgranted, and may optionally include an end of packet (EOP) indicationindicating whether or not the current transfer includes the last dataincluded in the command. In one embodiment, the switch 18 may grant onetransfer through the switch at a time, where a transfer includes up to16 bytes. Thus, commands which are greater in size than 16 bytes may usemore than one transfer through the switch 18.

The inbound control circuit 190 may generally select a command from anyvirtual channel for initiating a corresponding transaction on theinterconnect 22. The inbound control circuit 190 may not enforce orderbetween virtual channels, in general. One exception, for embodimentsthat also handle the standard HT commands, is the ordering rules amongvirtual channels employed by HT. The inbound control circuit 190 mayfollow these ordering rules for standard HT commands. In the absence ofordering constraints, any selection mechanism may be used to select anoperation to be performed on the interconnect 22. For example, around-robin type selection may be used among the virtual channels, andother round-robin type mechanisms may be used within the commands ineach virtual channel. The buffer 198 allocated to a given transactionmay be freed (to store another command) in response to the transactionbeing initiated on the interconnect 22, in some embodiments.

It is noted that some inbound commands may not result in transactions onthe interconnect 22. For example, Kill_Ack commands may not betransmitted on the interconnect 22. Instead, the Kill_Ack commands maybe counted with the corresponding probes in the outbound probe buffer(one of buffers 200). WB commands that are being dropped may not resultin transactions on the interconnect 22. CFill commands may result in thedata phase of a previous transaction on the interconnect 22.

The remote line directory 34 and the RLD control circuit 192 may monitorthe interconnect 22 for the start of transactions on the interconnect22. If a transaction addresses a local cache block in the remotecoherent space 48 (e.g. the most significant nibble of the addressmatches the node number of the node), the RLD control circuit 192 mayprovide a response during the response phase of the transaction based onthe state of the cache block in other nodes. The remote line directory34 may output, to the RLD control circuit 192, an indication of whetherthe transaction is a hit or miss in the remote line directory 34, andmay further output the state (including an indication of whether or notthe block is modified and an indication of each sharing node). The RLDcontrol circuit 192 may use the information to formulate the response.Additionally, if the transaction is a hit in the remote line directory34 and the source of the transaction is the memory bridge 32 (e.g. theinbound control circuit 190), the RLD control circuit 192 may provide anupdate to the remote line directory 34. The remote line directory 34 maybe updated for a transaction prior to the next possible transaction tothe hitting line, so that the next transaction receives information fromthe remote line directory 34 that reflects the transaction. In oneembodiment, the next possible transaction to the hitting line issubsequent to the response phase of the transaction, and so the updatemay be pipelined from the initial read (which occurs in response to theaddress phase of the transaction).

In one embodiment, the remote line directory 34 may track a subset ofthe shareable cache blocks in the node 10. That is, the remote linedirectory 34 may not be large enough to permit the sharing of all cacheblocks within the portion of the remote coherent space 48 assigned tothe node 10. In such embodiments, the remote line directory 34 maysupply the probe buffers within the outbound command buffers 200 withprobes corresponding to a victim cache block, if the transaction is amiss in the remote line directory 34 and the remote line directory 34selects an entry that is currently allocated to the victim cache blockto store the missing block information.

The outbound control circuit 194 may monitor the transactions on theinterconnect 22 and may generate commands to be transmitted to othernodes in response to the transactions. The outbound control circuit 194may receive the node number, and detect remote transactions using thenode number. If the response to the remote transaction indicates thatthe node does not have sufficient ownership of the remote cache block tocomplete the transaction, the outbound control circuit 194 may generatea corresponding request to the home node for the cache block (e.g.cRdShd, cRdExc, or a noncoherent write).

Additionally, if the transaction is sourced by the inbound controlcircuit 190 (in response to a received command), the outbound controlcircuit 194 may generate a command. For example, if the transaction isin response to a probe command received by the inbound control circuit190, the outbound control circuit 194 may generate an acknowledgement(Kill_Ack or WB) for the command.

If the transaction is sourced by the inbound control circuit 190 or anycoherent agent in the node and is a transaction for which the node isthe home node, the outbound control circuit 194 may generate probes asindicated in response to the transaction and the RLD state for the cacheblock. Additionally, the outbound control circuit 194 may capture filldata from the data phase of a read transaction generated by the inboundcontrol circuit 190 in response to a read coherency command from anothernode, and may generate a Fill command to transmit the data to the othernode. The outbound control circuit 194 may capture data for a RdNCtransaction generated by the inbound control circuit 190 in response toa RdNC command, and generate a response (in the RSP virtual channel) forsuch reads.

Generally, the outbound control circuit 194 may select any command fortransmission in a virtual channel. However, in some embodiments, theremay be some ordering rules that the output control circuit 194 mayfollow. For example, requests to the same cache block may be serializedin the output control circuit 194 (e.g. read requests in the CRd commandbuffers). Additionally, probes to the same cache block may beserialized.

The outbound control circuit 194 may allocate an outbound NPC buffer inresponse to a transaction on the interconnect 22 that is to betransmitted to another node in the NPC virtual channel (e.g. anoncoherent read command or a noncoherent write command that isnonposted) and may free the buffer in response to transmitting thecommand to the switch 18. Similarly, an outbound PC buffer is allocatedin response to a transaction on the interconnect 22 that is to betransmitted to another node in the PC virtual channel. The outboundcontrol circuit 194 may allocate an outbound CRd buffer in response to aRdShd or RdExc transaction for which the local ownership is insufficientto complete the transaction, and may free the buffer in response totransmitting the command to the switch 18. An RSP buffer may beallocated in response to an NPC transaction initiated by the inboundcontrol circuit 190. A CFill buffer may be allocated in response to aCRd transaction initiated by the inbound control circuit 190 to transmitthe fill data. The RSP or CFill buffers free once the data has beentransmitted to the switch 18. Probe buffers may be allocated in responseto transactions on the interconnect 22 for which the node is the homenode, or in response to a victim cache block from the remote linedirectory 34. In one embodiment, probe buffers remain allocated untilthe responses to the probes have been received. An ACK buffer may beallocated in response to initiation of a transaction responsive to aprobe by the inbound control circuit 190, and may be freed when theacknowledgement (Kill_Ack or WB) is transmitted to the switch 18.

In the present embodiment, the outbound control circuit 194 may includethe address map 202 for mapping node numbers (either from the address ofa transaction or from indications from the remote line directory 34, forprobes) to an interface circuit 20A-20C through which the command to thenode should be transmitted. The address map 202 may be programmable bysoftware (e.g. using configuration space commands, or as a set ofconfiguration registers accessible to software). An indication of theinterface circuit 20A-20C may be stored in the command buffers 200, oralternatively the mapping from node number to interface circuit may beperformed as requests are made to the switch 18.

The outbound control circuit 194 may inform the switch interface circuit196 when a command is ready to be transmitted to a given interfacecircuit 20A-20C on a given virtual channel. The switch interface circuit196 may make requests for the identified interface circuit 20A-20C andthe identified virtual channel (Dest and VC in FIG. 8). Additionally,the switch interface circuit 196 may indicates if the transfer, whengranted, is the last transfer of the current command to that destinationand virtual channel with the EOP indication. When a destination andvirtual channel are granted, the switch interface circuit 196 may informthe outbound control circuit 194, which may transfer data from theselected VC buffer (particularly, from a command from the select VCbuffer which is to be transmitted through the granted destination).

It is noted that the inbound and outbound control circuits 190 and 194may employ flow control to ensure that the buffers for various virtualchannels do not overflow. The inbound control circuit 190 flow controlthrough the switch 18, by requesting transfers from the switch whenbuffers are available for a given virtual channel and not requestingtransfers for virtual channels for which buffers are not available. Theoutbound control circuit 194 may use the flow control supported on theinterconnect 22. In some embodiments, the interconnect 22 may supportretry of transactions. In other embodiments, the interconnect 22 maysupport a source blocking scheme in which each agent that participatesin various transactions may supply a block signal that is asserted toindicate whether or not it is capable of participating in a transactionof a given type, if it were to be transmitted on the interconnect 22.Each agent that sources transactions may receive the block signals, andmay inhibit initiating a transaction if an agent that is to participatein that transaction, when initiated on the interconnect 22, has itsblock signal asserted. A given agent may have more than one blocksignal, for different types of transactions, different virtual channels,etc. In one embodiment, the outbound control circuit 194 may include aseparate block signal for each outbound virtual channel, and may assertthe corresponding block signal based on buffer availability in theoutbound command buffers 200 for that virtual channel.

Intranode and Internode Ownership Transfer

Turning next to FIG. 9, a block diagram of one embodiment of nodes 10Aand 10B is shown. The block diagram of FIG. 9 illustrates ownershiptransfer for an exemplary request (a RdExc by a requesting agent 210)from the home node 10B of the cache block corresponding to the requestto the remote node 10A. Each of the nodes 10A and 10B may beinstantiations of the node 10.

As mentioned above, transactions on the interconnect 22 in a given node10 may involve an address phase, a response phase, and a data phase (forread and write transactions). The address phase is transmitted by theinitiator of the transaction, and includes the address of the affectedcache block, the type of transaction, and other control information. Theresponse phase occurs after the address phase, and indicates theownership of other agents within the node (and the remote line directory34 in the home node, as a proxy for other nodes). In one embodiment, theresponse phase occurs at a predetermined delay from the correspondingaddress phase. The predetermined delay may be programmable or fixed invarious embodiments. In one implementation in which the interconnect 22is a bus, the predetermined delay may be two clock cycles of the busclock after the address phase.

In the illustrated embodiment, intranode ownership is transferred duringthe response phase of the transaction. Thus, in this example, therequesting agent 210 in the node 10A initiates a RdExc transaction to acache block for which the node 10B is the home node. The requestingagent 210 drives the address phase on the interconnect 22, and theaddress phase is detected by the memory bridge 32 (and other coherentagents within the remote node 10A) (arrow 212). The response phaseoccurs, transferring exclusive ownership within the node 10A to therequesting agent 210 (arrow 214). That is, if a subsequent transactionis transmitted on the interconnect 22 in the node 10A, the requestingagent 210 will indicate exclusive ownership. In one embodiment, therequesting agent 210 would be responsible for transmitting the data forthe subsequent transaction in this case.

While the requesting agent 210 may have exclusive ownership of theaffected cache block in the node 10A, the node 10A may not haveownership of the cache block within the internode coherency scheme. Inresponse to the address phase of the transaction (arrow 212), the memorybridge 32 in the node 10A transmits a cRdExc command to the memorybridge 32 in the node 10B (arrow 216). In response to the cRdExccommand, the memory bridge 32 in the node 10B initiates a RdExctransaction on the interconnect 22 in the node 10B (arrow 218). Duringthe response phase of the transaction, intranode ownership istransferred to the memory bridge 32 (arrow 220). The memory controller14 in the node 10B transfers the data for the RdExc transaction in thisexample (i.e. the cache block is not exclusively owned elsewhere in thisexample) (arrow 222), and the memory bridge 32 captures the data (arrow224). In response to the data, the memory bridge 32 transmits the Fillcommand with the data to the node 10A (arrow 226). The memory bridge 32in the node 10A may then transfer the data for the transaction on theinterconnect 22 (arrow 228).

As FIG. 9 illustrates, there are two ordering points in the system for agiven operation to a remote cache block: the interconnect 22 in a remotenode and the interconnect 22 in the home node (e.g. the interconnects 22in each of the nodes 10A-10B in the example of FIG. 9). While therequesting agent 210 has exclusive ownership of the affected cache blockin the node 10A (intranode ownership), the node 10A may not yet haveglobal ownership of the cache block (internode ownership). Internodeownership is dependent on the order of operations at the home node (node10B in this example). The data transferred to the node 10A in the Fillcommand reflects the transactions which preceded the RdExc transactionin the node 10B (even if those transactions occurred, in time,subsequent to the RdExc transaction in the node 10A). In other words,the internode ownership may occur in response to the transfer of data inthis system. The intranode ownership occurs in the response phase, whichis triggered by the address phase. Thus, the intranode ownershiptransfer occurs in response to the address transfer.

In one embodiment, the interconnect 22 may not support retry. That is,once a transaction is initiated on the interconnect 22, a response phaseoccurs in a predetermined amount of time and the ownership transfers inthat response phase. On retry-capable interconnects, an address transfermay be retried, or canceled (e.g. to permit a modified cache block to bewritten to memory, or other coherency activity to occur). A retriedaddress transfer is treated, with respect to the interconnect, as if ithasn't occurred yet. Since the address transfer is cancelled, it has noeffect on ownership within the node. In such systems, the intranodeownership transfer may be delayed until the internode ownership transferoccurs. However, the present system of transferring internode ownershipin response to the internode data transfer permits non-retry-capableinterconnects 22 to be used, in some embodiments. Other embodiments mayemploy retry-capable interconnects, if desired.

Remote Line Directory

Turning now to FIG. 10, a block diagram of one embodiment of a portionof the memory bridge 32 is shown. In FIG. 10, the remote line directory34, the RLD control circuit 192, the outbound probe buffer 200A (part ofthe outbound command buffers 200 shown in FIG. 8), and compare circuitry230 are shown. The remote line directory 34, the RLD control circuit192, the outbound probe buffer 200A, and the compare circuitry 230 arecoupled to receive the address (or at least a portion thereof) of atransaction from the interconnect 22. The outbound probe buffer 200A isfurther coupled to receive victim cache block information from theremote line directory 34. The RLD control circuit 192 is coupled toreceive the output of the comparator circuitry 230, command informationfrom the interconnect 22 and optionally other information (e.g. a tag)which indicates the source of the transaction on the interconnect 22,and the source node number of a command which caused a transactioninitiated by the inbound control circuit 190. The RLD control circuit192 is further coupled to receive a hit/miss indication from the remoteline directory 34, as well as an indication of the shared/modifiedstatus of the cache block in other nodes if a hit is detected. The RLDcontrol circuit 192 may be coupled to provide a response on theinterconnect 22 to a transaction (e.g. shared, exclusive, etc.), whichmay be the response of the memory bridge 32 on the interconnect 22 tothe transaction. Additionally, the RLD control circuit 192 may becoupled to provide an update to the remote line directory 34.

The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10 may be an embodiment in which theremote line directory 34 is capable of tracking the state, in remotenodes, of up to a maximum number of cache blocks, where the maximumnumber is less than the total number of cache blocks in the portion ofthe remote coherent space 48 assigned to the node. In anotherembodiment, the maximum number may be less than the number of entries inremote caches. Since the remote line directory 34 tracks less than thetotal number of cache blocks, the remote line directory 34 may besmaller than a directory which does track the total number of cacheblocks. The remote line directory 34 may be simpler, in someembodiments, to build than a full directory. Also, by occupying lessspace than a full directory, some embodiments may be more amenable toincorporation into a node that is integrated onto a single integratedcircuit.

The remote line directory 34 may have any organization. For example, theremote line directory 34 may have any of the various cache organizations(e.g. set associative, fully associative, or direct-mapped). In oneimplementation, for example, the remote line directory 34 may have 16 kentries (where each entry stores the remote state of one cache block)arranged in an 8-way set associative configuration. Any replacementalgorithm may be used. In one embodiment, for example, a randomreplacement algorithm may be used. In other embodiments, variousleast-recently-used (LRU) based algorithms may be used (e.g. LRU,pseudo-LRU, not most recently used, etc.). In some embodiments, anattempt may be made to select an entry which is not currently storingvalid state for a cache block. If such all entries are tracking validstate, then an entry is replaced. Other embodiments may not make anyattempt to select an entry which is not currently storing valid state.

The remote line directory 34 is relied on for supplying a coherentresponse on behalf of remote nodes to a transaction on the interconnect22 for which the node is the home node, and for determining whether ornot probes are generated in response to the transaction. Thus, if anentry in the remote line directory 34 is selected in response to atransaction and that entry is storing a valid state of a cache block(referred to as a “victim cache block” since it is being replaced), thememory bridge 32 generates probes to invalidate the victim cache blockin the remote nodes which are caching the victim cache block.Additionally, if a remote node has a modified copy of the victim cacheblock, the probes may cause a WB of the victim cache block to the homenode.

In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the remote line directory 34 receives theaddress of a transaction and determines if the address is a hit or miss.If the transactions is a miss, the remote line directory provides victiminformation to the outbound probe buffer 200A. The victim informationmay include the address of the victim block, an indication of whether ornot the block is modified, and an indication of which nodes have a copyof the cache block. The victim information may, in one embodiment, be acopy of the entry selected for replacement. An exemplary entry is shownin FIG. 11. The outgoing probe buffer 200A may allocate an entry for theprobe and store the address and node information, and may generateprobes to each node to invalidate the copy of the cache blocks in thosenodes. The probes may be transmitted to the switch 18 in the same manneras other probes.

If the address is a hit in the remote line directory 34, the remote linedirectory 34 may indicate the hit to the RLD control circuit 192.Additionally, the remote line directory 34 may supply an indication ofwhether the block is shared or modified in the remote nodes, and anindication of which node or nodes have copies. The RLD control circuit192, based on the state reported by the remote line directory 34 and thetype of the transaction, may determine whether or not probes are to begenerated to one or more remote nodes to provide the ownership requestedby the transaction. The RLD control circuit 192 may signal the outboundprobe buffer 200A that a probe is to be generated, the type of probe(Flush or Kill), and the node or nodes to which the probe is to betransmitted. The outbound probe buffer 200A is coupled to receive theaddress of the transaction from the interconnect 22 to use for theprobes.

Exemplary probe buffer entries are illustrated in FIG. 10, including atleast some of the information that may be stored in the entries. Eachentry may include, in this embodiment, the address of the block forwhich probes have been generated (Addr), the nodes to which the probe isto be transmitted (N), whether or not the probes have been transmitted(not shown), whether or not acknowledgements have been received fromeach node (A), and an indication of whether or not the probes weregenerated as a result of an eviction (E). Not shown in FIG. 10 is thecommunication with the inbound ACK buffer (part of the buffers 198) todetect receipt of acknowledgements, to update the A field.

The eviction indication (E) in each entry is used because the state ofthe victim cache block in the remote nodes is represented by the probebuffer entry for that victim cache block. That is, the remote linedirectory 34 has been updated to delete the victim block information.Thus, if a transaction hits on a probe buffer entry for which theeviction indication indicates that the probes are the result of aneviction, the response to the transaction includes the state of theremote blocks as indicated by the eviction indication. For example, ifthe probe is retrieving a modified block from a remote node, theresponse from the memory bridge 32 (provided by the RLD control circuit192) may be exclusive (so that the modified block may be supplied as thedata when it is returned from the remote node). By checking for evictedentries in the probe buffer, the correct response may be provided.

The comparator circuit 230 may be coupled to receive the address fromthe interconnect 22 and may compare the address to addresses in theoutbound probe buffer 200A. The comparator circuit 230 may identifyhitting entries to the RLD control circuit 290, which may use theresults (and the eviction indications) in determining the response to bepresented on the interconnect 22.

Additionally, if a transaction on the interconnect 22 causes an entry tobe reallocated in the remote line directory 34 after an eviction forwhich probes remain in the outbound probe buffer 200A, the RLD controlcircuit 192 may change the eviction indication to no longer indicateeviction. In this manner, the newly created entry in the remote linedirectory 34 may control responses to subsequent transactions.

The RLD control circuit 192 may generate an update to the remote linedirectory 34 for each transaction affecting a cache block which iscached by at least one remote node. The RLD control circuit 192 mayreceive an indication of the source node number of a coherency commandwhich caused the transaction from the inbound control circuit 190. TheRLD control circuit 192 may update the entry to indicate that the sourcenode has a copy (shared or modified, depending on the transaction) andmay update the entry to delete any nodes to which probes were generatedin response to the transaction. In the case of a miss from the remoteline directory 34, the RLD control circuit 192 may use the portion ofthe address that identifies the node number (e.g. the most significantnibble, in one embodiment) to identify transactions for which the nodeis the home node (and thus the remote line directory may be updated).

FIG. 17 is a table illustrating one embodiment of remote line directory34 updates in response to transactions on the interconnect 22. Thesource column in FIG. 17 indicates whether the source is a localcoherent agent (e.g. the processors 12A-12N) or a remote agent (via thememory bridge 32). The transaction column in FIG. 17 indicates thetransaction (one of the transactions from the table 42). The RLD statecolumn in FIG. 17 indicates the state output by the remote linedirectory 34 in response to the transaction. The possible states in thisembodiment are M (Modified), S (Shared), or I (Invalid, or miss). TheNew RLD state column in FIG. 17 indicates the state that the RLD controlcircuit 192 generates for update into the remote line directory 34 inresponse to the transaction. The Set Owner? column in FIG. 17 indicateswhether or not the remote node that caused the transaction is indicatedas an owner in the remote line directory 34 (where “--” means don'tcare). For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 11 described below, theSet Owner? column indicates whether or not the remote node is indicatedin the node vector. The Reset Other Owners? column indicates whether ornot other owners that may be indicated in the remote line directory 34are removed. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 11, the Reset OtherOwners? column indicates whether or not other owners are deleted fromthe node vector.

In addition to the state changes made as illustrated in FIG. 17, theresponse of the RLD control circuit 194 may be shared (SHD asserted, EXCnot asserted) if the RLD state is shared and may be exclusive (SHD notasserted, EXC asserted) if the RLD state is modified. Additionally, theresponse may be generated based on evictions in the probe buffer 200A,as discussed above.

Turning now to FIG. 11, a block diagram of one embodiment of an entry240 for one embodiment of the remote line directory 34 is shown. In theembodiment of FIG. 11, the entry 240 includes an address field 242, avalid indication 244, a modified indication 246, and a node vector 248.

The address field 242 includes at least a portion of the address of thecache block, identifying the cache block in the remote coherent space48. The portion of the address stored in the address field 242 mayexclude the address bits which define an offset within the cache block,the address bits which are used as an index into the remote linedirectory 34 (for set associative or direct-mapped embodiments), and/orthe address bits defining the node number. The index bits are implied inthe row of the remote line directory 34 that includes the entry, and thenode number bits are implied since the remote line directory 34 tracksthe remote state of cache blocks for which the node is the home node.Other embodiments may store any of the above mentioned address bits aswell, as desired.

The valid indication 244 may indicate whether or not the entry is valid.The valid indication 244 may comprise a bit indicative, when set, thatthe entry is valid and indicative, when clear, that the entry isinvalid. Other embodiments may reverse the set and clear meanings of thebit, or use other indications. The modified indication 246 may indicatewhether or not the cache block is modified in a remote node. Themodified indication 246 may comprise a bit indicative, when set, thatthe block is modified and indicative, when clear, that the block is notmodified (i.e. it is shared, in one implementation using an MSIinternode protocol). Other embodiments may reverse the set and clearmeanings of the bit, or use other indications.

The node vector 248 may include an indication for each node, indicatingwhether or not that node has a copy of the cache block. If the modifiedindication 246 indicates modified, the node vector 248 may indicate thatthe modified node has a copy and other nodes do not for the presentinternode protocol. If the modified indication 246 indicates notmodified (shared), the node vector 248 may indicate one or more nodesthat have shared copies. In one embodiment, the node vector 248 mayinclude a bit for each node. The bit may be indicative, when set, thatthe corresponding node has a copy of the cache block and may beindicative, when clear, that the corresponding node does not have a copyof the cache block. Other embodiments may reverse the set and clearmeanings of the bit, or use other indications.

Turning now to FIG. 12, a flowchart is shown illustrating operation ofone embodiment of the RLD control circuit 192 and the remote linedirectory 34 in response to a transaction on the interconnect 22. Whilethe blocks shown in FIG. 12 are illustrated in a particular order, otherorders may be used. Furthermore, some blocks may be performed inparallel by combinatorial logic circuits in the RLD control circuit 192.For example, decision blocks 250, 252, 253, 254, and 256 may beperformed in parallel in some embodiments. Additionally, blocks may bepipelined over one or more clock cycles. For example, the update of theentry may be pipelined from the other operations.

The RLD control circuit 192 may determine if the transaction is anaccess for which the node 10 is the home (decision block 250). Forexample, the RLD control circuit 192 may determine if the address of thetransaction is in the portion of the remote coherent space 48 assignedto the node 10. The RLD control circuit 192 may compare the node numberfrom the control register 38 to the node number from the transactionaddress, for example. If the transaction does not access a cache blockfor which the node 10 is the home node, the RLD control circuit192/remote line directory 34 may not be involved in the transaction. Ifthe transaction is an access to a cache block for which the node is thehome node (decision block 250—yes leg), and the remote line directory 34is indicating a hit (decision block 252—yes leg), the RLD controlcircuit 192 may determine if probes are required (decision block 256).Probes may be required, for example, if the transaction takes exclusiveownership of the cache block and there are one or more remote nodes witha copy of the cache block; or if the transaction takes shared ownershipof the cache block and there is a modified copy of the cache block in aremote node; or if the transaction invalidates copies of the cache blockand there are shared or modified copies of the cache block in remotenodes. If probes are required, the RLD control circuit 192 may provideinformation for generate the probes for the outbound probe buffer 200A(block 258). In either case, the RLD control circuit 192 may update thehitting entry to reflect the copy of the cache block being transmittedto the remote node, and to delete any remote nodes for which probes weregenerated (block 260).

If the transaction is an access to a cache block for which the node isthe home node, and the remote line directory 34 is indicating a miss(decision block 250—yes leg, and decision block 252—no leg), the RLDcontrol circuit 192 may determine if the transaction is a remote access(decision block 253). That is, the RLD control circuit 192 may determineif the transaction results from a coherency command from a remote node.The RLD control circuit 192 may receive information from the inboundcontrol circuit 190 (e.g. the source node number), the address of thetransaction, and/or other transaction information (e.g. the commandencoding or a tag indicating the source of the transaction as the memorybridge 32 or another local agent) to make the determination, in variousembodiments. If the transaction is not a remote access (decision block253—no leg), then the remote line directory 34 may not be updated. Ifthe transaction is a remote access (decision block 253—yes leg) and theselected entry is full (that is, currently tracking the state of a cacheblock in the remote nodes) (decision block 254—yes leg), then the remoteline directory 34 may evict the victim cache block from the selectedentry (block 262). The remote line directory 34 may provide the stateinformation for the victim cache block to the outbound probe buffer200A, and the RLD control circuit 192 may signal the outbound probebuffer 200A to allocate an entry for the victim probes (block 264). TheRLD control circuit 192 may update the entry with the information forthe cache block (address, modified indication, node vector indicatingthe source node) (block 260). On the other hand, if the selected entryis not full (decision block 254—no leg), the remote line directory 34may allocate the available entry (block 266). The RLD control circuit192 may update the entry with the information for the cache block(address, modified indication, node vector indicating the source node)(block 260).

L2 Cache Retaining Node State

The remote line directory 34 tracks the state of home node cache blocksin remote nodes. That is, the internode coherency maintains a state foreach node. However, a given node 10 may include multiple coherent agents(e.g. processors 12A-12N, the L2 cache 36, etc.). The coherent agentsmay include caches storing remote cache blocks in various states. In oneembodiment, the node 10 may designate that the node's state for theremote cache block (as recorded in the home node of the remote cacheblock) be stored in the L2 cache 36. That is, the state of the L2 cache36 may reflect the state of the remote cache block in the remote nodeincluding the L2 cache 36. Other caches may have other states for thecache block (consistent with the state of the L2 cache 36).

By retaining the node state (as recorded in the home node) of the remotecache block in the L2 cache 36, the management of the node state may besimplified. Other coherent agents in the node 10 may not, in someembodiments, treat remote cache blocks any differently than local cacheblocks. The coherent agents may coherently allocate and deallocate bothlocal and remote cache blocks within the node 10. The coherent agentsmay obtain shared copies of a remote cache block within the node 10,even if the node 10 has a modified copy of the cache block in theinternode coherency scheme. The coherent agents may modify the remotecache block, and then evict the remote cache block in the same fashionas a local cache block. The local cache block modifications may becaptured in the L2 cache 36 and/or the memory controller 14. The remotecache block modifications may be captured by the L2 cache 36.

In one embodiment, the internode coherency scheme may permit the silentdropping of shared remote cache blocks (e.g. the eviction of a sharedremote cache block from the remote node without informing the homenode). The L2 cache 36 may retain the node state for remote cache blocksthat are exclusively held (e.g. the modified state, in the presentembodiment) and may allocate shared remote cache blocks when they aretransmitted into the node, but may evict a shared remote cache blockwithout ensuring that they are evicted from the node 10 and withoutinforming the home node of the remote cache block. In such embodiments,the L2 cache 36 may be viewed as being inclusive of exclusive (modified)remote cache blocks.

It is noted that, in some embodiments, the L2 cache 36 may beprogrammable to reserve one or more ways for remote cache blocks (andmay use the remaining ways for local cache blocks).

Turning now to FIG. 13, a block diagram illustrating the state of aremote cache block in the node 10 for various node states recorded forthe node 10 at the home node according to one embodiment is shown.

At the top of FIG. 13, the state of the remote cache block (block A) inthe node 10 for a node state of modified recorded in the home node forthe node 10 is shown. In this case, the block A is stored in the L2cache 36 with the modified state (the state of the remote block recordedfor the node 10 in the home node). Various other caches (e.g. the L1caches 270 that may be included in the processors 12A-12N) may have theblock A in any state. For example, in embodiments using the MESIcoherency protocol for intranode coherency, the state may be any ofmodified, exclusive, shared, or invalid in any of the various caches270.

In the middle of FIG. 13, the state of the remote cache block (block A)in the node 10 for a node state of shared recorded in the home node forthe node 10 is shown. In this case, the block A may be either shared inthe L2 cache 36, or may be invalid. The block A may be allocated intothe L2 cache 36 when the block A is fetched from the home node to thenode 10, but may be silently dropped at a later time. Similarly, variousother caches (e.g. the L1 caches 270) may also have block A in eitherthe shared or the invalid state.

At the bottom of FIG. 13, the state of the remote cache block (block A)in the node 10 for a node state of invalid recorded in the home node forthe node 10 is shown. In this case, both the L2 cache 36 and the variousother caches 270 have the block A in the invalid state Additionally,both the L2 cache 36 and the various other caches 270 may have the blockA in the invalid state if the block A is not recorded in the remote linedirectory 34 in the home node (for embodiments in which the remote linedirectory 34 does not track each of the cache blocks for the home node).

It is noted that a cache having the block in the invalid state may referto the cache location previously storing the block being marked asinvalid, as well as to no cache location corresponding to the block. Itis further noted that other embodiments may employ other coherencyprotocols than the MESI protocol for the intranode coherency and the MSIprotocol for the internode coherency.

Generally, the various caches 270 in any of the cases shown in FIG. 13may take a state consistent with the state of the L2 cache 36 for remotecache blocks. A first state may be consistent with a second state if thefirst state provides no greater access rights to the cache block thanthe second state provides (where write access is greater than readaccess, and read access is greater than no access).

Turning now to FIG. 14, a flowchart is shown illustrating operation ofone embodiment of the L2 cache 36 in response to a read transaction onthe interconnect 22. In the context of FIG. 14, a read transaction mayrefer to either a RdExc or RdShd transaction. The RdKill and RdInvtransactions may be issued by the memory bridge 32 in response toprobes, and the L2 cache 36 may treat them as such (e.g. by invalidatingthe cache block in the L2 cache 36 and supplying the cache block in thedata phase of the RdKill/RdInv transaction if the cache block ismodified in the L2 cache 36). The L2 cache 36 may update on a write hit,but may not allocate a location for a remote write in this embodiment.Instead, the write may be transmitted to the home node without cachingin the node 10. The blocks shown in FIG. 14 are illustrated in aparticular order for ease of understanding, but other orders may beused. Furthermore, blocks may be performed in parallel by combinatoriallogic in the L2 cache 36. Other blocks may be pipelined over two or moreclock cycles, as desired.

If the read transaction is not to a remote cache block (decision block272—no leg), the L2 cache 36 may respond to the read transactionnormally (supplying data if a hit, optionally allocating a cache blockif a miss) (block 274). In one embodiment, the L2 cache 36 may determineif the read transaction is to a remote cache block based on the nodenumber from the configuration register 38 and the most significantnibble of the address of the read transaction. Other embodiments mayidentify remote cache blocks in other fashions (e.g. differenttransaction encodings for remote versus local transactions, othercontrol signals, etc.). If the read transaction is to a remote cacheblock (decision block 272—yes leg) and is a hit in the L2 cache 36(decision block 276—yes leg), the L2 cache 36 may also respond normally(block 274). A RdExc transaction may be viewed as a hit if the state inthe L2 cache 36 is modified for purposes of decision block 276, since ifthe state is shared the RdExc transaction may generate a cRdExc commandto obtain an exclusive copy of the remote cache block.

If the read transaction is to a remote block (decision block 272—yesleg) and is a miss in the L2 cache 36 (decision block 276—no leg), theL2 cache 36 may allocate a cache entry for the cache block (block 278)(although in the case of the RdExc that hits shared, the existing cacheentry may be used). If the read transaction is a RdShd (decision block280—yes leg), the L2 cache 36 may set the state in the entry to shared(block 282). Otherwise, the read transaction is a RdExc and the L2 cache36 may set the state in the entry to modified (block 284).

FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating operation of one embodiment of theL2 cache 36 during an eviction of a cache block (e.g. due to allocationof the entry storing the cache block to another cache block). The blocksshown in FIG. 15 are illustrated in a particular order for ease ofunderstanding, but other orders may be used. Furthermore, blocks may beperformed in parallel by combinatorial logic in the L2 cache 36. Otherblocks may be pipelined over two or more clock cycles, as desired.

If the victim block is not a remote cache block (decision block 290—noleg), the L2 cache 36 may evict the victim block normally (block 292).For example, the L2 cache 36 may generate a Wr transaction to write thevictim block to memory 24. Particularly, the L2 cache 36 may not attemptto have the victim block evicted from the various other caches 270. Asmentioned above, there may be a number of ways that the L2 cache 36 maydetermine whether a block is remote or not. For example, the mostsignificant nibble of the address (as compared to the node number in theconfiguration register 38) may be used. In other embodiments, othermechanisms may be used (e.g. the remote/local status of the cache blockmay be stored in the L2 cache 36).

If the victim block is a remote cache block (decision block 290—yes leg)and the remote cache block is not in the modified state in the L2 cache36 (decision block 294—no leg), the L2 cache 36 may drop the blockwithout further action (block 296). If the victim block is a remotecache block (decision block 290—yes leg) and the remote cache block isin the modified state in the L2 cache 36 (decision block 294—yes leg),the L2 cache 36 may generate a WrFlush transaction to write the victimblock back to the home node (block 298). The WrFlush transaction maycause a modified owner in the node 10 to supply the data for the WrFlushtransaction instead of the L2 cache 36. If there is no other modifiedowner in the node 10, the L2 cache 36 supplies the data. Thus, if acoherent agent has a more updated copy of the cache block (e.g. in thecaches 270), the more updated copy is supplied. If there is no moreupdated copy, then the L2 cache 36 supplies the cache block.

It is noted that, while the above discussion with regard to FIGS. 1-15and 17 may have referred to a cache block as the granularity on whichcoherency is maintained, other embodiments may use differentgranularities greater than or less than a cache block in size. In suchembodiments, a “coherency block” may be treated in the same fashion as a“cache block” or “block” when discussing coherency above. Generally, a“coherency block” may include a set of contiguous (in memory) byteswhich are treated as a unit for coherency purposes. In variousembodiments, a coherency block may comprise a portion of a cache block,a single cache block, or multiple cache blocks, as desired.

Computer Accessible Medium

Turning next to FIG. 16, a block diagram of a computer accessible medium300 including one or more data structures representative of thecircuitry included in the node 10 and/or the system 40 is shown.Generally speaking, a computer accessible medium may include storagemedia such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk, CD-ROM, or DVD-ROM,volatile or non-volatile memory media such as RAM (e.g. SDRAM, RDRAM,SRAM, etc.), ROM, etc., as well as media accessible via transmissionmedia or signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digitalsignals, conveyed via a communication medium such as a network and/or awireless link.

Generally, the data structure(s) of the circuitry on the computeraccessible medium 300 may be read by a program and used, directly orindirectly, to fabricate the hardware comprising the circuitry. Forexample, the data structure(s) may include one or more behavioral-leveldescriptions or register-transfer level (RTL) descriptions of thehardware functionality in a high level design language (HDL) such asVerilog or VHDL. The description(s) may be read by a synthesis toolwhich may synthesize the description to produce one or more netlist(s)comprising lists of gates from a synthesis library. The netlist(s)comprise a set of gates which also represent the functionality of thehardware comprising the circuitry. The netlist(s) may then be placed androuted to produce one or more data set(s) describing geometric shapes tobe applied to masks. The masks may then be used in various semiconductorfabrication steps to produce a semiconductor circuit or circuitscorresponding to the circuitry. Alternatively, the data structure(s) oncomputer accessible medium 300 may be the netlist(s) (with or withoutthe synthesis library) or the data set(s), as desired. In yet anotheralternative, the data structures may comprise the output of a schematicprogram, or netlist(s) or data set(s) derived therefrom.

While computer accessible medium 300 includes a representation of thenode 10 and/or the system 40, other embodiments may include arepresentation of any portion of the node 10 and/or the system 40 (e.g.processors 12A-12N, memory controller 14, L2 cache 36, interconnect 22,memory bridge 32 (or portions thereof), remote line directory 34, switch18, interface circuits 22A-22C (or portions thereof), nodes 10A-10D (orportions thereof), etc.).

Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It isintended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all suchvariations and modifications.

1. An apparatus comprising: one or more coherent agents within a nodecoupled to an internal interconnect, in which the interconnect supportsintranode coherency for transactions within the node with the one ormore coherent agents; a plurality of interface circuits coupled tocommunicate coherency commands between the interface circuits andrespective remote nodes of a plurality of remote nodes; a memory bridgecoupled to the interconnect to maintain internode coherency fortransactions between one or more coherent agents and the remote nodes,and to generate additional coherency commands responsive to coherenttransactions on the interconnect, the memory bridge including an addressmap to map a node number associating a remote node with one of theinterface circuits for communication of a respective coherency commandfrom the memory bridge, via the associated interface circuit, to theremote node; and a switch coupled to the interface circuits and thememory bridge to selectively couple the associated interface circuit tothe memory bridge for transfer of the respective coherency command. 2.The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each coherency command travels in avirtual channel and wherein the switch selectively couples therespective virtual channel.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein theswitch is coupled to receive an indication from the memory bridge thatthe memory bridge has buffer space for a first virtual channel, andwherein the switch is to couple one of the plurality of interfacecircuits having a first coherency command in the first virtual channelto the memory bridge.
 4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the switch iscoupled to receive an indication from a first interface circuits thatthe first interface circuit has buffer space for a first virtualchannel, and wherein the switch is to couple the memory bridge to thefirst interface circuit to transmit a first coherency command in thefirst virtual channel.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising amemory controller to couple to a memory, the memory controller coupledto the interconnect to receive transactions which access the memory, andwherein the memory bridge includes a directory which tracks coherencyblocks from the memory and corresponding states in other nodes for thecoherency blocks.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the interconnect,the coherent agents, the plurality of interface circuits, the memorybridge, and the switch are integrated onto a same integrated circuit. 7.A method comprising: generating an intranode coherency transactionbetween coherent agents within a node coupled to an internalinterconnect, in which the interconnect supports the intranode coherencytransaction within the node with the coherent agents; generating aninternode coherency transaction between one of the coherent agentswithin the node and a remote node of a plurality of remote nodes throughone of a plurality of interface circuits coupled to communicate thecoherency transaction, and in which a memory bridge is coupled to theinterconnect to maintain internode coherency between the one coherentagent and the remote node; generating additional coherency commands inthe memory bridge responsive to the coherent transaction, the memorybridge including an address map to map a node number associating aremote node with one of the interface circuits for communication of thecoherency transaction from the memory bride, via the one associatedinterface circuit, to the remote node; and switching the one associatedinterface circuit to the memory bridge to selectively couple theassociated interface circuit to the memory bridge for transfer of thecoherency transaction.